Complex interplays between limpets and alien species in South Africa: multispecies interactions, zonation and size effects

نویسندگان

چکیده

Integrating observations and experiments, we address the progressive effects of three alien species, mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis Semimytilus patagonicus , barnacle Balanus glandula on limpet species in South Africa. We describe four aspects: (1) Interactions among algae, Scutellastra granularis M. . (2) The influences B. S periwinkle Afrolittorina knysnaensis (3) Transformation zonation S. by successive arrival these aliens. (4) Assessment how effective published predictors have been when applied to conclude: (a) improves mussel survival condition regulating algae that would otherwise overgrow smother mussels. (b) has largely occupied upper half rocky shores, at high densities depletes or eliminates suitable bare-rock habitat for However, it positive another gastropod, A. knysnaensis. (c) dominates midshore recruitment but negatively adults this limpet, so its size composition, density, reproductive output are all altered mussel. (d) presents different challenges those created settling much greater densities, lower down shore, reaching smaller maximum sizes. Rather than generating a favourable epizootic recruits juveniles, almost completely excludes limpet. conclude not readily predictable, depending nature invader recipient environmental conditions complex interactions species. Collectively, now cover zones wave-exposed completing ‘zonation squeeze’ limpets, less influential wave-sheltered shores years is low.

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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: Frontiers in Marine Science

سال: 2023

ISSN: ['2296-7745']

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1190456